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Hodnocení mikrobiologických rizik jedlého hmyzu
Hedvičáková, Adéla
Eating edible insects is an activity that has recently become increasingly important. In order to use edible insects safely, it is necessary to carry out, among other things, an assessment of the risks associated with consumption. This work focused on the microbiological risk assessment of edible insects. The theoretical part of the thesis provides information on the nutritional properties of edible insects and the risks associated with insect consumption. It also mentions legislation related to the inclusion of insects in food. The thesis describes the impact of insects and their consumption on the environment and presents factors that need to be further addressed in the future. The thesis provides a list of important pathogenic microorganisms. In the practical part it is possible to find a statistical evaluation of the measured values of the pathogens present in the insects and in the feed. Total counts of microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, moulds, Staphylococcus aureus and lactic acid bacteria were determined. The results were compared with those of studies on similar topics.
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Colistin resistance in clinically important Enterobacteriaceae
Smělíková, Eva ; Tkadlec, Jan (advisor) ; Ježek, Petr (referee)
Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic used to treat serious infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae and other multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Recently discovered plasmid-borne colistin resistance, mediated by the mcr genes, poses a serious risk to colistin therapy. The aim of this diploma thesis was to map the occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae carrying the mcr-1 to 8 genes in hospitalized patients, travellers, prospective colistin-resistant clinical isolates and in a retrospective collection of Enterobacteriaceae using a combination of selective cultivation and qPCR. Isolates with a detected mcr gene were characterized by Whole-Genome Sequencing. The localization of mcr genes was determined and other resistance genes and plasmids were identified. Furthermore, the physiological profile of selected colistin- resistant Escherichia coli isolates was characterized. In the presence of a subinhibitory amount of colistin, a strain carrying the mcr-1 gene may be favored. Later, the mcr-9 gene was described and its occurence was subsequently tested retrospectively. Enterobacter spp. isolates carrying the mcr-9 gene were mostly colistin-sensitive but, in some cases, resistance was induced after exposure to sublethal doses of colistin. The results of the study show that the incidence of plasmid-mediated...
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Changes in intestinal flora in toodlers after application antibiotics
ŠTABERŇÁKOVÁ, Jitka
In the theoretical part, I concentrated on the characteristics of the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. I followed up with aerobic intestinal flora, which we establish by common cultivation. I described the course of microbiological examination and the characteristics of antibiotics from the mechanisms of their function to their side effects. The aim of my bachelor's thesis was to establish, how the intestinal microbiome is affected after the administration of the antibiotic Klacid. In collaboration with a pediatrician, 76 rectal swabs were performed on 38 toddlers, to whom Klacid was prescribed to cure a respiratory disease. Two swabs were performed; the first performed before the beginning of treatment by Klacid and the second after the conclusion of the antibiotic treatment. Both of the swabs were sent to the laboratory of Stafila k.s. for a microbiological examination of aerobic strains. The samples were inoculated and during the next days also evaluated. Using biochemical examination, further determination of the individual bacteria was performed. I acquired microbiological examination of 76 samples of bacteria. I determined that in 76% only an insignificant change in the opportunistic bacteria occurred after the antibiotic treatment; in the next 24%, there was a recess in the pathogenic flora.
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Detection agents of diarrhea in children
ŠTĚPANČÍKOVÁ, Jolana
Summary The detection of diarrhoea origin in children belongs nowadays to a standard examination. The generators cause gastroenteritis. Mainly infants, but also young children suffer from intestine diseases. This disorder causes feverish conditions, vomiting, watery diarrhoea, sickness and inappetence. The aim of the thesis is to prove bacteriological and viral pathogens on the basis of cultivation. There is an outline of the most commonly occurring pathogens in the theoretical part. Bacterial diarrhoea in children is caused by Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Yersiniae and Enterobacteria, whereas viral diarrhoea is caused mostly by the following viruses: Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus and Calcivirus. The practical part was performed in the period of October, November, and December 2010 and in January and February 2011 in the Laboma Laboratory, Ltd., now Sylab, Ltd. The thesis aims at children patients till the age of 6. This age was suggested by prof. MUDr. Miloš Velemínský, CSc., dr.h.c., head of the thesis. Child´s swab rectal is used for bacteriological examination, after the transport to the laboratory it is inoculated on a selectively identifying medium and after a 24-hour cultivation, bacteria or virus identification follows. Consequently, enteric bacteria isolation is carried out, through which a pure cultivation is obtained. In order to specify exactly Escherichiae coli, perhaps even its stems, it is necessary to perform serotype to obtain the indicated type and to find out whether it applies to a pathogenic or non-pathogenic bacteria. However, for a virological examination a child´s stool sample is needed. Rotavirus and Adenovirus are detected through the VIKIA r Rota ? Adeno test. This is a qualitative test based on the association of monoclonal antidotes. The test uses the immunological reaction on the testing stripe with help of migration. After 100 randomly chosen samples from children ? patients were processed, it was proven that acute gastroenteritis is mainly of viral origin.
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